MOS Burger Franchise Expansion Strategy

MOS Burger Franchise Expansion Strategy 1.0 INTRODUCTION MOS Burger is a renowned cheap food administration in Japan that established in 1971 by Mr. Satoshi Sakurada. The name of MOS originates from the words Mountain, Ocean, and Sun and every one of this word have its own importance. Mountain represents stately and respectable, Ocean represents wide and immense while Sun speaks to dynamic and nurturing (MOS Food Singapore, 2012). It is presently the second biggest inexpensive food administration in Japan after McDonald and MOS outlets had effectively ventured into abroad markets, for example, Taiwan, Singapore, China, etc. The organization separate itself from contenders by apply cook to arrange idea (MOS Burger Website, 2012). The nourishments will be cooked simply after the clients request to guarantee the newness of the nourishments. Greenery burgers utilized rice bun and numerous other Japanese sauces like teriyaki sauce that conceal on the burgers to shows its uniqueness which accentuated on giving a solid, tasty and clean food. Additionally, the organization likewise served assortment of one of a kind and unique MOS Burger just as utilizing transnational procedures while going worldwide on the grounds that they keep normalized the formula and the business framework while limited a portion of the item to fit with neighborhood taste and inclination. The corporate saying To fulfill individuals through food was a significant driver for the organization to deliver new, scrumptious, and quality burgers to their clients (MOS Burger Website, 2012). The enthusiastic duty of the organization make it effective conceivable and to guarantee a ceaseless endurance in this serious market. MOS Burger has effectively extended its business all around and as of now there are 28 outlets in Singapore, 223outlets in Taiwan, 16 in Hong Kong, 7 in Thailand, 2 in Indonesia, 18 in China, 2 in Korea and 5 in Australia (MOS Burger Website, 2012). The 1412 outlets in Japan have nearly arrived at the cutoff for the organization to extend, in this way the organization plan to quicken its development with a dream from MOS of Japan to MOS of Asia lastly MOS of the World. The organization intended to extend their business and decide to enter those business sectors that they have not enter yet, for example, Malaysia, Canada, Western nations, etc later on (MOS Food Singapore, 2012). The passage mode utilized by MOS Burger to enter the oversea market regularly lies on joint endeavor and establishment framework. The organization structure joint endeavor with the neighborhood organization as extension methodology into abroad market (MOS Burger Website, 2012). MOS Burger headquarter will doled out a faculty to talk about the turn of events and joint exertion with the neighborhood organization to guarantee that they can go into the new market effectively which is absolutely contrasts as far as the methods of working together, culture issues and different issues. MOS Burger likewise use establishment as one of the passage mode systems however it is difficult to acquire an establishment permit from MOS Burger since it needs to satisfy the necessities set by the organization. The potential franchisee need to think well about the companys reasoning that made by Mr. Sakurada on the grounds that he wish to band together with the individuals who cares on nature; and furthermore a gathering of individuals who can add to the production of joy both for individuals and society (MOS Burger Website, 2012). Notwithstanding, the organization will just look for the nations or provincial franchisees. As end, the organization is wanted to utilize an ace establishment framework to enter the new markets rather than a typical establishment framework. 2.0 CURRENT EXPANSION STRATEGY MOS Burger begins to extend their business since year 2001 and the principal abroad outlet is set up at Taiwan. MOS burger has work mindfully to extend their business and effectively opened 265 stores across seven districts in year 2011. (MOS report, 2011). 2.1 Joint Venture Joint endeavor is a section mode by setting up a firm that is mutually possessed by at least two in any case free firms (Charles and William, 2011). MOS Burger chose to utilize joint endeavor as one of the section modes to enter different districts since it ready to authority over the business and simultaneously it additionally can profoundly comprehend that specific locales culture and way of life. In venture into every area, MOS Burger just will set up a joint endeavor concurrence with those organizations that worrying on great human relationship even it can seek after benefit (MOS Burger Website, 2012). MOS Burger will cautiously in assess and select their joint endeavor organizations so as to guarantee their business execution to accomplish fulfillment result. Those organizations that certified to seek after a joint endeavor concurrence with MOS Burger must experiencing not many procedures start from accommodation of proposition, introduction, meeting and they should ready to participate in the advancement of MOS Burger in that specific area (MOS Burger Website, 2012). This system have been utilized effectively in Taiwan by built up a joint endeavor with TECO Group in year 1990. Following 22 years, there are 223 stores was opened in Taiwan (MOS Burger Website, 2012). The effective extension of MOS burger in Taiwan is on the grounds that they master in preparing their representatives who ready to comprehend the fundamental way of thinking of MOS burger which is sheltered and secure. (Kouhei, Hideaki, Tsukasa, Shigeharu, 2010) In Indonesia, MOS Burger built up a joint endeavor, Pt Mog Indonesia in year 2008 and they start the main outlet in Plaza Sendayan situated at South Jakarta (Plaza Indonesia Shopping Center, 2009). Additionally, MOS FOOD SERVICES Inc. has joint endeavor with Media Will Holding Co. Ltd, a Korean organization that associated with wide range of exercises including printing, circulation and eatery the executives to open another South-Korea outlet in March 2012 (MOS Report, 2011). Joint endeavor is significant for MOS Burger and effectively utilizing by MOS to extend their business to abroad areas including Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and others. MOS burger chose utilizing joint endeavor since they found that the regular boundary in building up the business openings abroad. Those characteristic hindrances predominantly allude to every locales language and culture varies from one another (MOS report, 2011). The fruitful of this methodology can be found in Taiwan which comprise the most elevated number of outlets among the outside business sectors. It was so achievement on the grounds that the joint endeavor organization TECO bunch completely comprehend their own locale and prevail with regards to preparing the workers who can speak Chinese well and simultaneously they ready to comprehend the fundamental way of thinking that created by MOS burger. (Kouhei, Hideaki, Tsukasa, Shigeharu, 2010) However, joint endeavor despite everything has its own confinements which are MOS burger incapable completely authority over their own business and struggle may emerge when there is diverse purpose of perspectives. (Charles and William, 2011) 2.2 Franchising Other than joint endeavor, diversifying is another section procedure that utilized by MOS Burger as it falls under cheap food industry. As indicated by Charles and William (2011), diversifying considered as a particular type of permitting wherein franchiser offer the impalpable property to the franchisee and demands rules to do the business. MOS burger grows their business and increment the quantity of outlet out of their nation of origin by looking for huge franchisees as opposed to looking for the little scope or individual limit (MOS Burger Website, 2012). Inside each and every locale, those individual franchisees will be overseen by the joint endeavor organization along with MOS Burger to ensure all franchisees perform as indicated by the built up business rehearse and guarantee the quality control in term of food just as their client support. Like joint endeavor, the establishment understanding will be marked after experienced a few procedures which are propose, present, talk with, condition examination and afterward just accompany the understanding. MOS burger will just participate in association with those franchisees that compassion to their thought included accomplish work that will be valued by clients, getting individual fulfillment when client fulfill with them and must have the full heart inspiration to work the establishment business. (MOS Burger Website, 2012) Today, MOS burger has become the second biggest establishment in Japan after McDonald. (Phillip, 2012). This establishment framework has been applied in various Asia district including Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand and others. MOS Burger utilize establishment framework ready to produce fixed salary by gathering imperial expenses from the franchisees. In any case, expanding number of establishment allowed by MOS Burger will bring about a more grounded rivalry among all the MOS Burgers establishment business inside a specific area. In Taiwan, MOS Burger comprise of 223 outlets and every outlet is contend together so as to accomplish the most noteworthy benefit for one another. Solid rivalry between the franchisees will diminish the general benefit that can create by MOS Burger and this turns into the impediment of this procedure. There are numerous achievement establishments from MOS Burger in various areas; anyway there is a disappointment case that found in Hawaii, United State. In the late of 1980s, MOS Burger was enter to Hawaii yet the business is bomb because of the high leases, stock issue and conflicting food quality (Andrew and Kulwant, 2005). 2.3 Wholly Owned Outlet In intending to extend their business out from that point Asia, there is a completely possessed outlet which opens in Australia in April 2011. Michelle (2012) detailed that Shinji Yamaguchi who is the head of worldwide activity of MOS burger said they enter Australia since it closes to Asia and there are a great deal of Asian individuals which have comparable culture (Michelle, 2012). Furthermore, Australia outlet likewise is a trial of their business practice for MOS burger before their arrangement of entering Western nations. Yamaguchi said MOS burger currently is as yet indistinct to utilize diversifying procedure or entirely own business by them in the next year to grow the business. 3.0 FUTURE E

Ethical Treatment of Prisoners Essay

A few people accept the historical backdrop of amendments shows consistent development toward increasingly others conscious treatment of detainees as society has advanced. First and foremost disciplines for detainees were viewed as a flogging which was whipping, decapitating, dissecting, torment or even demise. There was fines, scattering of property were normal which was more typical than the physical torment. Execution was the monetary and beating as the home was relinquished. The financial and physical approvals have given method of detainment less devaluation in the freedom of parole and probation. When there are a great many wrongdoings detained all through the United States, the moral treatment of prisoner’s rights must be dissected. During the time numerous adjustments have been made to oblige prisoners and protect their essential human rights. Have we as a general public done what's needed with respect to the moral treatment of detainees or have we made their lives in jail too simple that it is not, at this point a discipline for them? There are numerous individuals in the United States who have solid sentiments of what is good and bad and fall on the two sides of this inquiry. Utilitarianism is the conviction that ethical guidelines ought to be decisions made by a general public to advance the bliss of its individuals Mosser (2010). Through the utilitarian view the contention could be made that these detainees are being blessed to receive great and not sufficient. Utilitarianism gives a justifiable, hypothetical establishment for moral dynamic. Before going to a choice upon a strategy, the utilitarian is approached to consider its impacts on the whole populace over an unending timeframe Mosser (2010). One issue with this technique for dynamic is that numerous individuals probably won't concur with the reason that boost of bliss ought to be the reason for ethical quality. A case of this is tit for tat; in the event that you murder somebody in my family, at that point I will have your life. In prior history like the cattle rustler time this is the way hoodlums were dealt with. Presently, this is not, at this point acknowledged in our general public. Our society’s moral qualities have changed. For a long time, detainees had no rights. That is until 1909 when the Georgia Supreme Court decided that in spite of the fact that convicts have lost their opportunity; they do have social liberties Davenport (2009). During this period, establishments were legitimately invulnerable in state and government courts from claims, likewise canceled the hands precept, superintendents ran their offices as they felt fundamental and were not considered responsible for the conditions that existed in their office Davenport (2009). Detainees were beaten routinely and denied the nuts and bolts, for example, food, clinical consideration, and insurance from staff or different prisoners. These kinds of episodes proceeded for huge numbers of years. In the 1960’s a few lawful roads opened for detainees. Detainees would now be able to have their complaints heard in state and government courts. One of the significant changes that empowered this is the barbarous and bizarre discipline proviso of the Eighth Amendment; another is the social liberties arrangements of Section 1983 of Title 42 of the U. S. Code Davenport (2009). The Eighth Amendment states that over the top bail will not be required, nor unreasonable fines forced, nor coldblooded and uncommon discipline incurred Davenport (2009). The savage and strange discipline statement was not proposed for detainees; rather the emphasis was on discipline outside the law. The condition likewise didn't have any significant bearing to state detainees. The Supreme Court heard not very many cases in this period. In the 1960’s, the Supreme Court started to fuse the Bill of Rights to state laws. This implied the brutal and uncommon discipline condition currently included detainment facilities and detainees. Prisoner’s then started to record suits to change the manner in which jails worked, refering to pitiless and bizarre discipline, lacking social insurance, requesting more access to courts and fair treatment. Individuals who are utilized in the equity framework need to show quality of brain and body to demonstrate they are qualified to be accountable for the individuals who might be a peril to society. This reality alone places these people in a place of intensity, and without an individual and expert code of morals to live by; this force could be taken outside of any relevant connection to the issue at hand. This could prompt harm inside the framework, just as out in the city. For these individuals must settle on moral choices ordinary. An individual arrangement of morals can regularly be difficult to characterize. Morals are not on a person’s mind as they settle on different decisions for the duration of the day. At the point when an individual sub-intentionally makes some judgment, they don't know that morals assumes a job in the choices that are made. In looking at moral vanity and utilitarianism my own view is unquestionably nearer to utilitarianism than moral selfishness. Utilitarianism is an exceedingly, even amazingly requesting moral view for a great many people. In the event that we have an obligation to continually achieve the best result, than whenever we can build the prosperity of others, we have an ethical obligation to do as such. I trust it is ethically better to help the vast majority at once than to serve the personal circumstance of one individual. The a great many wrongdoings detained all through the United States had their day in court and are presently housed in a correctional organization to carry out their punishment. As a general public we have passed moral laws to shield the detainees against hurt from others and to ensure they are treated with deference. Through the eyes of utilitarianism contentions are made that these detainees are being blessed to receive great by a few and not sufficient by others. Despite which speculations or moral convictions an individual decides to have faith in they should observe the law or they could wind up as a detainee in the United States. Those in the equity framework vowed to secure detainees can not decide to follow their own convictions however they should observe the laws and guideline set out before them. Morals as a type of scholarly request doesn't give answers to moral inquiries. Individuals with convictions about good and bad do. Social orders are based upon those convictions. As we have investigated the moral treatment of detainees with hypotheses of morals we can contend that society’s perspectives on good and bad agree with the truth, are illustrative of the target moral request, and include the desire of the individuals concerning their treatment. Davenport, A. U. (2009). Essential criminal law: the constitution, methodology, and wrongdoings (second Ed. ). Upper Saddle River: Pearson

Imposing and Exposing Values Essay Example

Forcing and Exposing Values Paper Forcing utilizes some sort of power or control or weight for another to embrace or follow indistinguishable qualities from the one applying the power. Uncovering is just putting or sharing ones qualities out there for others to accept the only choice available. To uncover your qualities intends to open up and let it be seen, to make some noise and mention to individuals what your qualities are. A model would be youre pregnant young person, and you tell your folks that you dont have confidence in fetus removal. Youre uncovering your emotions, your qualities on that issue. To force your qualities intends to cause individuals to do things your way, that lone your way is correct its practically like compelling somebody to do it your way. A model would be a young person gets pregnant, needs a fetus removal, and her folks compel her to convey the infant to term and raise it, saying as long as youre under my rooftop, youll do as I state. that is IMposing their qualities. Qualities based advising implies that the instructor is continually highlighting a superior way, meeting the customer where the person is at, and controlling that individual towards a higher spot: a position of more profound truth, a position of more prominent importance. Non-values arranged directing will just look to restore the customer to a practical level, or essentially at a spot that is best for them. Well in the model above what was best for the spouse was separate. However she may not understand, or even observe, that there could be entryway for her that drives her to an upbeat existence with her better half. We will compose a custom exposition test on Imposing and Exposing Values explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Imposing and Exposing Values explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Imposing and Exposing Values explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer While we accept that all individuals include the limit inside them to change, that doesn't mean they can generally observe all the decisions before them. Here and there individuals are so vigorously abused by their circumstance that they really can't see an exit plan, or can't observe the most ideal way. This is the place the estimations of the instructor are basic to compelling treatment. Qualities are the murmurs of our still, small voice that show us those things in our lives that need to transform, they assist us with comprehension the issues in our lives, however why they were issues. Without values, we can't recognize damaging practices and examples of contemplations that cause torment and brokenness. Qualities permit us to gain from an earlier time, let things go, and enlighten another way towards a more promising time to come. And keeping in mind that we may never really arrive at the perfect, it is rather the excursion towards it that holds the delight of carrying on with; that we carry on with a real existence continually strolling forward, towards a superior spot, one that is loaded with trust, encountering genuine opportunity and reason at all times. I Dont Believe In Imposing Values On Clients This is most likely the #1 concern we get notification from experts who feel reluctant about a straightforward qualities approach with respect to advising and treatment. This area is composed for specialists, however on the off chance that you are a customer this conversation may give you more understanding into the world behind treatment. Most school course readings will advise understudies of brain research to keep their qualities covered up to customers. This may have been valid at once, however with the immense utilization of the web, it is a defective reason dependent on a flawed presumption that customers are not genius dynamic in their emotional well-being care. We will show why this way of thinking of treatment is imperfect with expert dynamic customers (it additionally ought to be expressed that all customers who utilize the web to discover an advisor, are by definition, being ace dynamic in their psychological wellness care). First lets characterize the contrast between concealed qualities and straightforward qualities treatment. 1. All advisors are individuals, and as people, all specialists additionally have an individual worth framework. 2. Specialists, most by far of them, don't bargain their very own qualities in treatment. On the off chance that you are an advisor, the two focuses will be valid. Guides, paying little mind to their own qualities, are neither expected to, nor do they by training, bargain themselves in treatment. Be that as it may, does (a) having individual qualities, and (b) not bargaining esteems liken to (c) forcing values? It doesn't. So lets expect two theoretical advisors, Therapist A who accepts firmly against forcing values in Therapy, and keeps his/her qualities avoided the customer, and Therapist B with straightforward qualities. What is the distinction between these two specialists? All things considered, them two have a lot of individual qualities. The main contrast is that Therapist B has made his/her qualities straightforward to the customer forthright, before treatment even starts. Straightforwardness is the main distinction, almost the specific inverse of forcing. Shrouded Values Are More Imposing Because all customers who utilize the web to discover a specialist are by and large master dynamic in their medicinal services, we present the defense that an advisor who attempts to keep their qualities covered up is far nearer to forcing on a customer, than an advisor who has those qualities straightforward. With straightforward qualities, the customer knows the qualities forthright, and afterward can settle on the decision to see. or then again not to see. a specialist before going through any cash, and before contributing any vitality. With a concealed qualities advisor, the customer has just gone through cash, and has just contributed time, vitality, and feelings into treatment. The estimations of the specialist at that point spill into treatment after some time, and the customer finds, over the long haul, that the advisors esteems are perfect inverse, and the customer may feel vanquished and quit any pretense of guiding or return to the quest for another specialist. Qualities and Beliefs It isn't aware to force individual convictions and qualities upon customers. It is the counsellor’s job to acknowledge the customer for what their identity is and where they as of now are a major part of their life. Geldard and Geldard (2005) underline that when a counsellor’s values are forced on an individual, they will in general respond by dismissing those qualities without thought and pulling back from guiding. An automatic customer, who can't truly pull back from guiding, may pull back inwardly, and become unmotivated to acknowledge the counsellor’s recommendations. Forcing one’s qualities upon the customer is characteristic of judgment. Incomprehensibly, when specialists acknowledge the customer for the individual they are paying little mind to their qualities, after some time, the client’s values will in general develop nearer to the estimations of the guide, as advocates do become good examples for their customers.

Translating texts - Free Essay Example

1.) Introduction Translating texts requires skill, ability on the part of a translator in understanding the terms used in the source language (SL). As experts have pointed out, translation does not fully transfer the meaning of the terms from the SL toward the target language (TL) in which the texts are being translated. But in order to get closely as much as possible to the exact meaning of the term, translators follow a basic rule to put into mind the cultural nuances of the original term while finding their equivalent terms in another language (e.g. Arabic to English). In addition, because these terms have additional symbolic value as religious terms, translators must bear in mind of being careful in the translation. Toury (198 in Venuti ed.) himself highlights the role of translation in retaining the cultural nuances of the texts by saying that translators have a task â€Å"to fulfill a function allotted by a community to an activity, its practitioners and their products in a way deemed appropriate to its terms of reference.† This researcher intends to ascertain the skill and success of Issam Diab in translating Ar Raheeq al Makhtoom, the memoirs of the Prophet Mohammad, from Arabic into English. Titled The Sealed Nectar, the memoirs records the life of Mohammad, while also discussing the socio-ecnomic background of Arabia during his lifetime. It was originally written by Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri. 2.) Review of literature in brief Translation experts have pointed out various concerns in ensuring the translation of works from different languages. These range from defining when translations â€Å"formally† diverge from the literal meanings (Catford 141 in Venuti ed.) to ascertaining the equivalence of word meanings (Nida and Taber,) But all point to the problem of retaining the message of a text translated from SL to TL as much as possible. In addition translators have to consider the referential meanings of the words that they correspond so that they can define the exact meanings of the SL-based words that they are going to use. Culture aspects Studies such by Ahmed Elimam being conducted at the University of Manchester have tried to show the challenges in translating Arabic-language texts to English. Translators undertaking these projects faced the fact that there is a large diversity in terms of structural, grammatical, and semantic structure between the two languages. In addition they have to consider keeping as close as possible to the Arabic heritage the translated works. They also have to make sure that they words in Arabic which, by virtue of having deep cultural connotations, One can see this in the ongoing project to translate the Q’uran from Arabic to English as shown by Elimam. In this project, a team of translators tried to examine 10 translation of verses from the Q’uran and examine what are the grammatical and syntax changes were done in order to adjust in from the transfer of meaning from Arabic to English. Another continuing study made at the University of Manchester was of Ashraf Abdul Fa ttah was on comparing the changes of conjunction and passivisation in the translated works of Arab authors. This time the focus was on how changes in conjunction were made between the original and translated work made by the same authors. One can see here the attempt to verify if an author trying to translate his own works to another language can effectively transfer meaning given the differences in languages. 3 Issues in translation Translation studies have pointed out that there are terms in texts which must be carefully analyzed by a translator before proceeding in the translation proper. These terms are called â€Å"sensitive terms† which are defined as words considered central to the beliefs of the people owning the original texts. These may pertain to sacred teachings, quotations by the religions’ prophets or sages. Because of these, it is vital for translators to understand the religious beliefs, traditions and nuances behind the SL before undertaking any translation of religious texts. However, similar to translating works in other genres, translators have to deal with linguistic and cultural challenges before even being able to translate a work. According to Toury (199 in Venuti ed.), the main challenges faced by translators involve the systematic differences between languages (in terms of grammar, syntax, sentence structure), the variety in textual traditions contained in the texts to be translated, and also the â€Å"cognitive ability† of the translator to comprehend and transmit the meanings of the original texts from the original language to another language. In translating these terms, it is essential to consider first some important aspects in translation: translation shifts, kinds of norms types of equivalence, and emotive meaning. These factors determine how closely concise has a translator managed to express in the TL the meanings and terms originally expressed in the source language SL of a text . Translating texts involve changes in the use of grammar, contexts, and sentence structure, said Cartford (141 in Venuti ed.) in a seminal study on translation shifts. These translation changes are categorized as level shifts and categorical shifts. Level shifts occur in translation when the meaning of an SL item, at one linguistic level, changes meaning at another linguistic level of the TL. In particular, this kind of shift occurs when the tra nslator attempts to translate the meanings at the phonological and graphological meanings but the result will be only a shift from grammar to lexis levels. Categorical shifts occur when there are variations in rank, structure, class, term in systems while a text is being translated from the SL to the TL. But Cartford (141 in Venuti ed.) qualifies this description by saying that there is a categorical shift when there is some form of formal correspondence between SL and TL. Structural shifts are the most common kind of categorical shifts and are noticeable in total translations, phonological and graphological translations Cartford (143 in Venuti ed.) added. Class shifts happen when the meaning of an SL item changes at a different translation level. Unit changes are observed when there is â€Å"a formal departure† in translation equivalent in one rank of the SL to another rank in the TL. Finally, intra-system shifts occur in cases where changes happen within the systems of b oth of SL and TL, where these systems still correspond to the languages’ â€Å"formal constitution.† However this must be qualified if the translation â€Å"involves selection of non-corresponding term in the TL system† Toury (199 in Venuti ed.) noted that translators are constrained by a wide range of â€Å"social regulations† which govern the behavior of a cultural community. This implied that there are particular cultural contexts which must be retained in the translation of terms from one language to another. At one pole of this continuum, are the absolute rules. These rules include local laws, ethics and traditions. At the other end are the idiosyncracies which pertain to the particular practices of individuals exhibited according to a particular situation. Located in between these far ends of the socio-cultural regulation scale are the norms which refer to the generally flexible set of rules governing particular situations in a context. These thr ee kinds of social regulations influence translation because texts contain particular contexts which could only be explained through understanding these social regulations. Toury (200 in Venuti ed.) also pointed out that translation is a norm-governed activity because it also follows a set of rules pertaining to usage and transfer of meaning. This is flexible because each language has its particular meaning and context, hence the rules in terms of grammar and syntax may not be always be applicable. As he notes in his article, translation is being governed by norms depending on: Being a text in a certain language, and hence occupying a position, or filling a slot, in the appropriate culture, or a certain section thereof; Constituting a representation in that language/culture of another, preexisting text in some other language, belonging to some other culture and occupying a definite position. In translation, there are two large categories of norms which must be considered in planning and doing a translation of a work, namely: preliminary norms and operation norms. Preliminary norms pertain to the rules and policies governing the choice of text types to be translated and also the â€Å"tolerance† for translation (referring to the feasibility of translating terms which may have very specific cultural contexts not available in the language of the translator.), said Toury. Operational terms, he added, refer to the actual decisions made in the course of translations such as the distribution of textual material, verbal formulation and the like. Falling under operational norms are matricial (referring to the determination on the very existence of a textual material) and textual norms (which govern selection and usage of textual material to be translated.) Toury said that in general preliminary norms predominate over operational norms because the former lays down the structural basis in conducting a translation work (203). However despite this, th e norms may still intersect, depending on the translation processes ensuing in a work. He also explained that multiplicity of norms still remain because each culture retains standards of regulating behavior even as they interact with other traditions. As a result translators have to face it and try to resolve them rather than just â€Å"ignore.† In Toury’s own words: â€Å" They only mean that real-life situations tend to be complex; and this complexity had better be noted rather than ignored, if one is to draw any justifiable conclusions. As already argued, the only viable way out seems to be to contextualize every phenomenon, every item, every text, every act, on the way to allotting the different norms themselves their appropriate position and valence† (205 in Venuti ed.) Another point of concern among linguist and translators is the equivalence of translating a meaning from the SL to the TL. Nida and Taber (200) defined equivalence as â€Å"very close similarity in meaning as opposed to similarity to form.† However, translation theorists have various concepts to explain and classify equivalence. Hoang pointed out in an online presentation that Nida and Taber had already gave out formal and dynamic equivalence in 1982 while Jakobensen theorized in 1959 equivalence can be achieved by a translator by using loan translations, neologisms, semantic shifts and circumlocutions. In 1992 Mona Baker came out with her own set of kinds of equivalences. These are â€Å"word level equivalence,† â€Å"equivalence above word level,† â€Å"grammatical equivalence† â€Å"textual â€Å"equivalence† and â€Å"pragmatic â€Å"equivalence.† Baker’s classification falls under the â€Å"formal’ equivalence category which focuses on how translators can use the forms of the texts in getting the closest meaning for an SL word, said Hoang. â€Å"Word level equivalence† refers to the atte mpt by a translator to find a corresponding meaning of one word from the SL to the TL. This effort entails a translator ensuring as much as possible that the counterpart word of the TL closely hews to the context of the original word from the SL. There are cases however when the texts between SL and TL do not correspond close enough to allow for the use of word level equivalence. In this case the translator must use the â€Å"equivalence above word level.† Here, the translator must find meanings which, while not be closely relate the corresponding TL word with the original SL word, must at least be related enough for the meanings to be still correlated. In the third strategy, the translator uses it when the correspondence between the two texts would only be found between the grammatical structures of the text. As a result, the translator has to analyse the grammatical correspondence between the texts of SL and TL, where despite the variety in the structural order of mor pheme, syntax, and sentence orders, the same concepts or meaning can still be correlated between the two texts. However, there are instances when there is little correspondence in the verbal and grammatical structures of the SL and TL texts because there of a high diversity in the order of word and grammar structure. In light of this, the translator has to find correspondence in the overall textual structure of the SL and TL texts. He has to ascertain that the overall context in the SL text is still expressed in the TL version even though there are variations in grammar and syntax structures. If all these strategies still would not be able to correspond meaning between the SL and TL, then the translator has to use the pragmatic equivalence mode. Here, the translator uses the implied meanings of the SL text in order to at least express them in the TL . Another aspect in translating concepts from SL to TL is the use by translators of referential meanings. Nida (56) defines â €Å"referential meanings† as the use of â€Å"words as symbols to refer to objects, events, abstracts and relations.† The implication of this concept in translation is that translators have to consider the exact meanings of words based from OL in the translation of texts. (This is called denotation in grammar) This importance is highlighted by the fact that there is a diversity of meanings within those cultures and more so when translators try to get these exact meanings. One way to ensure this is to consult authoritative dictionaries of the SL concerned. One last aspect to consider in translation is the effect of emotive meanings to the translators. The Summer Institute of Linguistics online glossary defines â€Å"emotive meanings† as â€Å"affective meaning,† while terms related to it are â€Å"connotation/connotative meanings.† In sum, emotive meanings are definitions which have an association with a thing or concept even though these may not have direct conceptual relationship. The translators have to consider this while translating works from SL to TL because there are chances when the meanings that they try to correlate from SL to TL may just be a connotative meaning. Another way is to verify the specific contexts when these words are used. Aims The researcher aims to test, compare and synthesize the discussions above on various translation principles by conducting a review of â€Å"The Sealed Nectar (Ar Raheeq al Makhtum).† An English translation of the memoirs of the Prophet Muhammad was made by Issam Diab and was published in Saudi Arabia. With this translated memoir as the locus of the study, this researcher aims to fulfill the following aims: For the translation shift aspect, the researcher proposes to compare the source language (Arabic) and target language (English), identifying the translation shifts that happened in the book, and justifying the translator’s choice in making these translation shifts. As for the normative aspect, the researcher proposes to find out a.) if the translated version of the memoirs has consistency in the kind of norms and equivalence used even as it approached referential meaning. And b.) if the translated version has consistency in the kind of norms and equivalency while ap proaching emotive meaning. Finally, the researcher intends to contextualize the findings in the fact that many of the â€Å"sensitive terms† may be religious in nature This is study is made also with the aim of understanding the cultural and linguistic nuances distinguishable between English and Arabic. The researcher would like to point out in particular that the Arabic used here was the version spoken during the time of Muhammad, hence it is necessary to understand the historic-cultural background of the narrative. In addition the researcher would like to find out if there possible refinements which could be recommended for Diab’s work. Aside from it, the researcher will also cite these recommendations as possible future references with regard to translations of memoirs, specifically Arabic memoirs. Hypotheses and Research questions The research would like to resolve in this study the following hypotheses regarding the translation of â€Å"sensitive terms† in The Sealed Nectar. The researcher hypotheses that : there is consistency in the kind of norms and types of equivalence used while approaching referential meaning of sensitive terms either in the translation of religious texts or the book there is consistency in the kind of norms and types of equivalence used while approaching emotive meaning of sensitive terms either in the translation or the book. The researcher also hopes to answer specific questions in the course of this study. These are: what are the translation shifts adopted by the translator while tackling sensitive terms? to what extent do the kind of norms and type of equivalence represent consistency in approaching referential meaning. to what extent do the kind of norms and type of equivalence represent consistency in approaching emotive meaning. what are the most su ccessful techniques and strategies used by the translator in conveying the meaning? what are the least successful techniques and strategies used by the translator in conveying the meaning? Approach As part of analyzing the â€Å"sensitive terms† used in the book The Sealed Nectar, this researcher intends to use the qualitative method of research. As generally known in academic and research circles, the qualitative method is used when the focus of the study intends to look at observing at particular characteristics of the sample subject which may be distinct from the general population. For this purpose, the researcher will both utilize three kinds of qualitative methods: book review analysis, documentary research and contrastive analysis. This researcher believes that it is necessary to use three kinds of methods because of the range of issues involved in the study and that each method have their particular loci. Initially the researcher will utilise the book review analysis to get a grasp of what they entire work contains, and to ascertain the particular context of the ‘sensitive terms† included in the book In this regard, this writer proposes to fir st utilise the book review analysis in studying the work The Sealed Nectar He will primarily use the linguistic perspective in dissecting the translation merits of this book because his focus would be on how Issam Diab translated â€Å"sensitive terms: from Arabic to English. In the context of this analysis, this writer proposes also to use a) the British National Corpus and b.) an authoritative Arabic dictionary to assist him in comparing the â€Å"sensitive terms† which are the foci of this research. Then the researcher will apply the documentary analysis method to compare the details from the book with details from other pertinent documents. These documents may include other Arab dictionaries, additional biographies on Mohammad, other Arab-language dictionaries and authoritative history books on Arabia. For the final part of the evaluation process, the researcher will apply the comparative analysis method wherein the findings from the two methods would be examined a gainst each other. The researcher will then draw conclusions from this comparative study and then synthesise it with previous findings on translation to In the process of evaluating the translation, the researcher will cite previous theories and principles on translation, then use these as benchmarks in how successful was the English translation of Diab of Ar-Raheeq al-Makhtum in terms of transferring most of the original meaning from the original Arabic to English. In this aspect, this writer will primarily use the theories enunciated by Catford (141-147 in Venuti ed.) on translation shifts, Toury (198-211 in Venuti ed.) on translational norms, Baker on types of equivalence, and Nida (56-90) on referential meaning. But the researcher is open to using other kinds of research methodology if circumstances would warrant it. For example, the interview approach would be utilised if the researcher thinks there is a need to consult scholars on Arabic language, studies and literature. This is because the historical context of the narrative is key to understanding whatever â€Å"sensitive terms† which are enclosed in the work. Aside from that, it may be helpful if the researcher can get insights from these scholars regarding English translations of Arabic language works. This is because from their expert opinions, the researcher may further understand the change of nuances in translation, but not only from a purely technical aspect (translations shifts etc.), but also from the point of view of rhetoric and literary excellence. Tools For the purpose of this study, the research will use the following research tools in analyzing the Diab’s translation work: British National Corpus. an authoritative Arabic dictionary (preferably with references to Arabia during the time of Mohammad), two other biographies of Mohammad, and authoritative history books on Arabia. The reason behind citing these documents as tools in analyzing The Sealed Nectar is that the researcher wants to ensure that the needed details with regard to the study are utilized. The British National Corpus would serve as a guide on English words used in the book, to get the proper context of their usage. Then this will be complemented by the use of an Arabic language dictionary, to see how the original meaning and nuances of the SL based original version of the biography Then to put context into the analysis, the researcher will cite history books on Arabia to verify the authenticity of particular historical instances mentioned in the book. The r esearcher thinks that a combined use of textual and historical analysis will help elucidate details on the accuracy of Diab’s translation. Scope While other interested researchers may find a whole range of translation issues in analyzing The Sealed Nectar, this writer intends to focus more on the accuracy of translating â€Å"sensitive terms† in the translation work. This is because these terms are loaded with religious meanings, which make these terms more challenging to translate as compared to other terms. In addition, the languages used have different nuances (Arabic as against modern English) which entails additional challenges in ensuring that the meanings of the terms do not get lost in translation. Tentative Outline of Paper : Within an allotted timeframe of a minimum of three years, this writer proposes an outline of the paper’s body: Chapter One: Linguistic analysis of sensitive terms in translation à   6 -12 months Chapter Two: Cultural, historical, and rhetorical aspects of the translation à   6-12 months Chapter Three: Evaluating the translation à   3-6 months Chapter Four: Summary, implications and recommendations à   3-6 months The writer intends to use the Sealed Nectar and the tools mentioned above in the first two years of the study. While he may formulate preliminary findings in the course of the study, the researcher intends to finalize them in the last year of the study through evaluation and formulation of summary findings and recommendations. The researcher takes note that accomplishing these aims may overlap depending on the availability of resources and the rate of research/analysis work. Books Nida, E, and Taber C. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Boston: Brill, 2003.pp. 56- 90 Chapters in Books Catford, J.C.. Translation Shifts.' The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. London: Routledge, 2000. 141-147 Toury, Gideon. Nature and Role of Norms in Translation.† (orig. 1978, rev. 1995) The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. London: Routledge, 2000. 198-211 Websites: Ar Raheeq Al Maktoom. University of Arkansas. July 28,2009 https://comp.uark.edu/~muslim/publications/Ar-Raheeq%20Al-Makhtum.pdf Translation Equivalence. Hoang. October 19 2008. July 28, 2009 https://www.scribd.com/doc/7380119/Hoanglecture-8Translation-Equivalence. Elimam. University of Manchester. July 28, 2009 . https://www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/ctis/postgraduate/research/phd-theses/Elimam/. Abdul Fattah. University of Manchester. July 28, 2009 https://www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/ctis/postgraduate/research/phd-theses/ abdul-fattah Glossary. Summer Institute of Linguistics. July 28, 2009 . https://www.sil.org/linguistics/Glossary_fe/glossary.asp?entryid=10912.

Biography of the Great Newspaper Publisher Joseph Pulitzer

Joseph Pulitzer was one of the most influential figures in the American journalism in the late 19th century. A Hungarian immigrant who learned the newspaper business in the Midwest following the Civil War, he purchased the failing New York World and transformed it into one of the leading papers in the country. In a century known for raucous journalism which included the introduction of the penny press, Pulitzer became known, along with William Randolph Hearst, as a purveyor of yellow journalism. He had a keen sense of what the public wanted, and sponsoring events like the around-the-world trip of intrepid female reporter Nellie Bly made his newspaper extraordinarily popular. Though Pulitzers own newspaper was often criticized, the most prestigious award in American journalism, the Pulitzer Prize, is named for him. Early Life Joseph Pulitzer was born April 10, 1847, the son of a prosperous grain dealer in Hungary. After his fathers death, the family faced grave financial problems, and Joseph chose to emigrate to America. Arriving in America in 1864, at the height of the Civil War, Pulitzer enlisted in the Union cavalry. At the end of the war, Pulitzer left the Army and was among the many jobless veterans. He survived by taking a variety of menial jobs until he found a job as a reporter at a German-language newspaper published in St. Louis, Missouri, by Carl Schurz, a noted German exile. By 1869 Pulitzer had proven himself to be highly industrious and he was thriving in St. Louis. He became a member of the bar (though his law practice was not successful), and an American citizen. He became very interested in politics and ran successfully for the Missouri state legislature. Pulitzer bought a newspaper, the St. Louis Post in 1872. He made it profitable, and in 1878 he purchased the failed St. Louis Dispatch, which he merged with the Post. The combined St. Louis Post Dispatch became profitable enough to encourage Pulitzer to expand to a much larger market. Pulitzer’s Arrival In New York City In 1883 Pulitzer traveled to New York City and purchased the troubled New York World from Jay Gould, a notorious robber baron. Gould had been losing money on the newspaper and was happy to be rid of it. Pulitzer was soon turning the World around and making it profitable. He sensed what the public wanted, and directed the editors to concentrate on human interest stories, lurid tales of big city crime, and scandals. Under Pulitzer’s direction, the World established itself as the newspaper of the common people  and it generally supported the rights of workers. In the late 1880s, Pulitzer employed the adventurous female reporter Nellie Bly. In a triumph of reporting and promotion, Bly circled the globe in 72 days, with the World documenting every step of her startling journey. The Circulation Wars During the era of yellow journalism, in the 1890s, Pulitzer found himself engaged in a circulation war with rival publisher William Randolph Hearst, whose New York Journal proved to be a formidable challenger to the World. After battling with Hearst, Pulitzer tended to draw back from sensationalism and began advocating for more responsible journalism. However, he tended to defend sensationalist coverage by asserting that it was important to catch the public’s attention in order to make them aware of important issues. Pulitzer had a long history of health problems, and his failing eyesight led him to be surrounded by a number of employees who helped him function. He also suffered from a nervous ailment which was exaggerated by sound, so he tried to stay, as much as possible, in soundproof rooms. His eccentricities became legendary. In 1911, while visiting Charleston, South Carolina aboard his yacht, Pulitzer died. He left a bequest to found a journalism school at Columbia University, and the Pulitzer Prize, the most prestigious award in journalism, was named in his honor.

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Business Environmental Laws And Ethics Essay Example For Students

Business Environmental Laws And Ethics Essay How do you feel when you drive by some sort of factory or plant and you see an obnoxiously large smoke stack spewing fumes into the air or a drainage pipe of chemical runoff that flows into a water supply? The sense of disgust from the thought of how these companies get away with this action not only concur with opinion of environment activists but also involves the United States government. It was not long ago that the government realized that these effects were harmful to the world around us, which caused the government to create several groups to enforce laws and regulations against these unethical operating businesses. These questions are similar to those frequently asked by many economists when discussing the subject of business environmental laws and ethics. A business must decide how they want to run their business, unethically by cutting corners or abiding by ethical and law standards. This issue comes down to the standpoint wherever businesses may fall on if they care more a bout using unethical ways to gain some sort of advantage or if they would rather operate in a way with limits but complies with ethical and law standards. (MODIFY THESIS) The United States government has generally had a hands off approach regarding business environmental corporate ethics. Up until the year 1970, the government rarely accounted for the amount of pollution and the effect it had on the American population. This year, 1970, the movement enacted the largest Environmental Protection Agency otherwise known as EPA. The Environmental Protection Agency has several branches across the United States to help enforce and institute laws and regulations, regarding the government (EPA). The reason â€Å"EPA† was established was to police these code infract. . ausing to their surroundings by instituting such bad business practices are directly connect to the main source of pollution and disease. The number of cases of these pollution influenced diseases are growing. The disease range from birth defects to various types of cancers. Contrary to the idea that companies should be able to operate as they please and avoid all regulations that prevent the destruction of the environment, I believe and agree with the group of people on the opposing stance. Just like many others I believe that all companies should not only operate up to regulation standards but also operate in an ethical way. An ethical way to act for these companies is to consider the effects each form of operation has on the environment. I believe that the right course of action will, in the long run only benefit the organization and the environment as a whole.